English will-shall

[freken-julie.livejournal.com]

Здраствуйте!
Вопрос к компетентным филологам специалистам по английскому языку.

Кто-нибудь знает точно разницу между shall и will? В современном узусе она несущественна и will употребляется гораздо чаще, но она точно есть, вроде бы shall это то что неизбежно будет, а will это будет, но может быть и нет. Как-то может с этимологической точки зрения есть объяснение, и если можно, приведите, пожалуйста, какие-нибудь примеры, на которые можно было бы сослаться.
Огромное спасибо заранее.

Comments

Webster's Dictionary:

[zvuv.livejournal.com]

1 archaic a : will have to : MUST b : will be able to : CAN
2 a — used to express a command or exhortation *you shall go* b — used in laws, regulations, or directives to express what is mandatory *it shall be unlawful to carry firearms*
3 a — used to express what is inevitable or seems likely to happen in the future *we shall have to be ready* *we shall see* b — used to express simple futurity *when shall we expect you*
4 — used to express determination *they shall not pass*
intransitive verb , archaic : will go *he to England shall along with you — Shakespeare*
usage From the reams of pronouncements written about the distinction between shall and will*dating back as far as the 17th century*it is clear that the rules laid down have never very accurately reflected actual usage. The nationalistic statements of 18th and 19th century British grammarians, who commonly cited the misuses of the Irish, the Scots, and occasionally the Americans, suggest that the traditional rules may have come closest to the usage of southern England. Some modern commentators believe that English usage is still the closest to the traditionally prescribed norms. Most modern commentators allow that will is more common in nearly all uses. The entries for shall and will in this dictionary show current usage.

[yaponist.livejournal.com]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shall

[enigmata.livejournal.com]

Kenneth G. Wilson (1923–). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. 1993.

shall, will (auxs.)


Americans use shall and will (and their contraction ’ll) almost interchangeably, except in certain questions: for example, Shall I kick you? meaning “Do you want me to?” and Will I kick you? meaning “Do you think I’m going to?” Furthermore, when Americans seek unusually polite forms of speech or writing, they seem to think shall a bit more elegant, respectful, or impressive. 1
For Standard Formal written English some people try to adhere to certain school-taught rules specifying that for the simple future, shall should be used with the first person, as in We shall overcome, and will with second and third persons, as in They will find us here, and that to express special volition, determination, and the like, these distributions should be reversed, as in I will have my way or They shall do what we ask. Alas, these rules have never really described the way Standard users speak the language at nearly all levels or the way they write it in Semiformal and Informal situations. It appears that we generally use will or the contraction ’ll at all but the upper levels, reserving shall for certain questions and for statements whose formality or whose stress on the auxiliary seems to require variation from the more usual will. Our negative contractions also seem to be mainly with will: Americans nearly always say won’t, and rarely use shan’t. Native users of American English can trust their instincts on shall and will. Stress can make You WILL do as I say every bit as forceful as You SHALL do as I say, and most of us would feel it necessary to italicize or capitalize either auxiliary in writing anyway, just to make sure the reader recognizes that stress. Where there is semantic difference between shall and will, as in certain questions, native speakers do not make errors. See also FUTURE TENSE
http://www.bartleby.com/68/20/5420.html

[psa-98.livejournal.com]

Эх... А я еще в детстве, в начале 80-х учил грамматику по толстому учебнику-справочнику 50-х годов (семейное достояние, кажется Израелевич). Там без вариантов было - при образовании форм будущего времени в первом лице - shell, во втором и третьем - will.

[(Anonymous)]

ох уж эти нефтяные компании и их product placement!

[alon_68]

Ага, а отрицательная форма от have - have not, тоже без вариантов...
А gay означало "веселый"...